Forms of Mediating Effects-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss Mediator Plays Important roles in the Conceptual Model. Answer: Introduction Mediation generally means to an intermediation, in which one variable bridge the gap between two variables and tries to find out the relationship between both. In other terms, mediation is a causal model explaining the process of why and how a cause-and-effect happens (VanderWeele, 2016). Thus, it can be significantly quoted that meditational analysis tries to find out the process that leads an independent variable to the dependent. The independent variable is further perceived as a cause to be a dependent variable on the mediating factor. The researcher has argued that when to discuss of mediation, it is important to understand two main models that exist, one is theoretical, and on the other hand, one is corresponding (Valeri and VanderWeele, 2013). Both are used to access the relationship between two random variables. However, inferring the true state of mediation from observations is a challenging task for researchers. To simplify the theory and to find the most suitable relation among random variables, a third variable is used which is called as mediating variable (Understanding and Using Mediators and Moderators. 2015). The conceptual models are designed on the basis of establishing a relationship between the variable, however, sometimes it becomes difficult to make and direct relationship between dependent and independent variable (Preacher, 2015). In such situations, mediating factors of variable become useful and are designed to drag the findings while supporting independent variable. The role of mediating analysis is essential to determine whether or not mediators are useful when to find out a relationship between two variables X and Y. The study attempts to know the role of mediating factor/ variable in the conceptual model. The present study is based on the description of determining roles of mediator in the conceptual model by considering the approach of Baron Kenny and Preacher Hayes. It will include practical examples of mediation by considering previous studies of various research scholars. Identification Of Problem And Justification The main issues of here with study are to find out how important a mediating variable is to establish a conceptual model. A conceptual model contains two main variables one is dependent and second one is independent. For example, colleges authorities use the time put be students of study in a day (independent variable) to get higher marks in the exams (dependent variables). However, there is a need of putting mediator variable in the framework like as other factors affecting study hours. The example given in the above section represents the need of mediating variable for establishing a conceptual framework on which basis the objectives of an investigation can be attained (Fairchild and McDaniel, 2017). The study attempts to know how a mediator variable of the hypothesis is used to establish an effective relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable so that relationship can be explained better through a conceptual model. The problem of this study is justified a s it is a fact that conceptual framework/ model in a research investigation need to be clear in terms of explaining the relationship between variable. So the question is how a mediating variable helps research to create an effective conceptual model. Significance of study A conceptual model is the foremost requirement of academic and professional researchers; however, the role of mediating factors cannot be neglected from research area (Preacher, 2015). This research is going to explain the role of mediating factors in the conceptual model. The significance of the findings of the present investigation will be for students, academicians as well as research scholars as they can gain an understanding of the concept of mediator and different forms of mediating factors. Various techniques of mediating effect are explained in this researcher along with examples so that reader can gain sufficient knowledge of the subject and can apply it in their future studies. Research objectives To study the concept of mediator and the different forms of mediating effects To extract understanding of various assessment techniques for mediating effect Research question What role does a mediating factor/ variable play in the conceptual model? Study Of Literary Aspects (Literature Review) Concept of mediator and different forms of mediating effects Instatistics, a model ofmediation refers to identification and explanation of the mechanism which triggers an observed connection between anindependent variableand adependent variablethrough the addition of a third theoretical variable referred as amediator variable. It mainly consists two types of effects that are direct and indirect effect. In accordance with the study of Zhao and Co-authors (2010), mediation and its effect can be understood by the following diagram: In the above diagram, the indirect effect is the result of path coefficients both "A" and "B". Coefficient C is the direct effect. The direct effect is calculating the level through which dependable variable vary when the independent variable is making an increase by one unit, leaving no effect on mediator variable (Shrout, and Bolger, 2002). On the other hand, the indirect effect calculates the level by which dependent variable takes changes when the in independent variable seems rigid and variable of mediator changes with the amount it would have altered the increase of independent variable by one unit.In linear systems, the overall effect is equivalent to a total of the direct and indirect effects (C + ABin the model above). But in nonlinear models, the overall effect is not commonly equivalent to the subtotal of the direct and indirect effects, but then again to an adapted arrangement of the two. Assessment technique of mediating effect based on the Baron Kenny approach Baron Kenny's process shows the description of the analyses which are essential for testing the diverse mediational hypothesis. Study of Kristeller (2003) shows that their model has been based on four primary steps. In the first step of Baron Kenny's procedures, the researcher should be aware of the fact that the primary variable is considered as correlated with the effect variable. Putting it differently, the first stage in Baron Kenny's process is engaged in the establishment of an outcome which might be mediated. In the second step of Baron Kenny's procedures, the researcher should be made known about the primary variable is considered as correlated with the mediator. More simply, the second stage in Baron Kenny's process is engaged in treating a variable of the mediator as an effect variable. Thirdly in Baron Kenny's procedures, engages in the establishment concerning the correlation between the outcome variable and the mediator variable. At this stage of Baron Kenny's procedures, the existence of a correlation is there between the outcome and the mediator variable it is because both are the result of the initial variable (Lutz and et.al. 2008). Put in other words, in Baron Kenny's procedures, controlling of the initial variable must be done during the establishment of the correlation between the two variables. Fourth, last but not the least in Baron Kenny's procedures, it engages the establishment of the total mediation all over the variables. It is the last stage of Baron Kenny's procedures and can simply be attained if the involvement of the primary variable upon effect variable at the same time control over mediator variable is zero. In accordance with the view point of Hayes and Preacher (2014), all the above, four steps of Baron Kenny's procedures are attained. As a result the data will be reliable and relevant along with the mediational hypothesis. In case first three steps of Baron Kenny's process are fulfilled, then incomplete mediation will be noticed in data. In this aspect, study of Sinclair and Co-authors (2013) shows that the researcher must always pay attention to the complete satisfaction of all four steps involved in Baron Kenny's procedures, if it still no inclusive of the fact that mediation has happened as there are other fewer conceivable models which are consistent with the data. Related to this, the study of Wolcott and Co-authors (2016) opined that outcome variable causes the mediator variable within mediation hypothesis. This occurs if the initial variable is a controlled variable, mediator variable cannot be caused whether by the mediator or the outcome variables in the mediational hypothesis. Conversely, as the mediator and the outcome variables are not controlled, they might cause one another in the mediational hypothesis. Research work of () suggests that it is forever reasonable to switch the mediator variable and the outcome variable and cover effect cause in the mediational hypothesis. A discussion was made by Baron and Kenny that various analyses must be done and the outcome evaluated in context to the criterion. These criteria are evaluated by measuring the following equations: if I am observed as intercept coefficient. Where the outcome of X upon Y declines to zero along with the addition of M, thus perfect mediations occurs, this situation is called as complete mediation (Skiera and et.al. 2017). When the outcome of X upon Y declines by a significant amount, but not decreases to zero, partial mediation occurs. In order to fulfil these requirements, two assumptions should be met in addition to state that mediation has taken place. In accordance with Baron and Kelly, no extent error must be there in M, and Y must not cause to M. these first assumptions are generally violated, as this is not discussed above. Ultimately, the legitimacy of ones conclusions regarding mediation is determined on the basis of the design of the study as much as by considering the statist ical criteria. Example of interpretation of mediation analysis as per Baron Kenny approach In the study of Kayser and Co-authors (2016) example has been provided that, to address the issue of gender discrimination, a policy maker might contemplate evaluating the level to which gender discrimination in recruitment could be mitigated by not basing the decisions on gender compared with removing inequality in job qualifications and education. The latter is concerned with indirect impact or the impact mediated through job qualifications while the former is focused on the direct impact of gender on recruitment. This example exhibits two crucial components of modern mediation assessment. Firstly, the indirect impact is not just a modelling artefact created by suggestive blends of parameters, rather an internal property of reality which has material implications. Secondly, the policy decisions mentioned in this example are concerned with allowing and disallowing processes instead of reducing or increasing values of particular variables. Hence, the two considerations result in the assessment of natural direct and indirect impacts. Research work of Muller and Co-authors (2005) shows that for instance, there could be a situation wherein the cumulative impact is shadowed by the fact that two groups of individuals e.g. men and women vary in their relationships between X and Y. If these two sets are signified in corresponding numbers, and their relationship strength is also of equivalent magnitude (although in opposite directions), they are likely to cancel each other out. Likewise, if a sub-group of individuals that demonstrate non-important relationships between X and Y are represented overtly within a sample, then this is the reason of a non-significant total impact. Though it is proposed by Baron and Kenny that mediator must always forecast dependent variable, one must recognize that a significant relationship between X and Y can result in huge standard errors for the mediator and have a negative effect on such causal step. Study of Bauman (2002) shows that as the association between hours since dawn and waking up is no longer important when controlling for consumption of coffee, this tells that coffee consumption mediates this relationship. Nonetheless, only this method cannot allow for a formalized test of the indirect impact. Hence, it is not known if any modification in this relationship is actually worthwhile. There are two main techniques to formally test the importance of indirect test: Bootstrapping and the Sobel test. In this situation, it can now be confirmed that the relationship between time since dawn and waking up are mediated significantly by coffee consumption. Assessment technique of mediating effect based on the Preacher Hayes approach The approach of Preacher Hayes regarding mediation process can be understood through the study of Kraemer (2002). As shown in the figure in Panel A shows the outcome of the certain planned cause (X) upon effect (Y). Further, in Panel B shows mediations simplest form the in which the form that takes place when (M) one variable mediates the outcome of X upon Y. by considering this, this model has been referred as simple mediation. The possibility of More complex mediation models is there; preference is given simple mediation as it is the most effective and utilized type of mediation model. The plain relationships between both X and Y are sometimes termed as the total outcome of X upon Y (in Fig1 Panel A) representing the total outcome C to differentiate it as of c, the effect of X on Y after manipulating M (panel B). Detection of simple mediation effect is often done by the analysis of formal heuristic; effects are clear-cut and directly follow the term of a mediator offered by Baron and Kenny. Consideration of Variable (M) as a mediator is made if X considerably forecasts Y that is, Figure 1, c 0, or X considerably forecasts M that is, figure 1, a 0, or M considerably forecast Y is manipulating for X that is, figure 1, b 0. Example of interpretation of mediation analysis as per Preacher Hayes approach Study of Kayser and Co-authors (2016) shows example regarding the interpretation of mediation analysis as per Preacher Hayes approach when z is placed to 3000 after then the bootstraps approx is considered on the basis of 3000 resample. When z is placed to 0 (any of the number minimum to 1000), further the module of bootstrapping is disabled. This will create productivity to Sobel test, which must be as similar as what obtained if performing the Sobel generally, also the bootstrap result has been provided in indirect effect. Describes the effect s.e., and the confidence intervals are 95%. If is not inclusive of zero then the indirect effect is considered as sig @ p .05. As recommendation given to small samples, the nonparametric bootstrapping analysis is used to examine the model of mediation of moral outrage as mediator relationship between myth and behaviour with Aboriginal Australians. In these analyses, mediation is considerable when 95% partially corrected and increased intervals of confidence for indirect effect and is not inclusive of 0. Outcomes are based on 10000 samples of bootstrapped and shows the total effect of myth and behaviours with Aboriginal Australians was considerable (TE=-2.68, SE=1.30,p=.041), But the direct effect was not (DE=-.80, SE=1.18,p=.498). In accordance with the research work of Muller and Co-authors (2005), in Preacher Hayes approach bias creates a negative impact on comfort but at the same time, it creates a negative impact through rising identification. However, discrimination improves identification and creates a positive impact on security and comfort. So the total zero-array can be ns, considerably coefficients take place from the fourth if the mediator is manipulated and a considerable indirect effect in opposed way is found when meditational analyses are performed. Proposing such model on theory basis, and examine the importance of indirect effect along with bootstrapping or Sobel. Despite from general mediation analysis individual is not required to present the IV predicts the DV in Block 1 but there is essential to present the IV predicts to the suppressor, as there is a major indirect effect of IV - DV through the suppressor. As per the study of Preacher (2015), covlistincludes a full listing of covariate variables, and in the cov list, cov is the numeral of covariate variables, z is the numeral of preferred resamples of bootstraps willing to increase to 1000 (example boot is equal to 2000 yield, and 2000 resamples of bootstrap; put it to zero to disable bootstrapping), ci is the expect level of confidence, setting of p to 1 in order to issue percentile intervals of confidence, setting of b to 1 in order to issue discriminatory-corrected and familiar intervals of confidence, setting of n to 1 to assess printing of general theory tests outcomes and setting of t to 1 to perform all likely identical contrast in indirect effects. In case any of the claims are not supplied, using of default values will be done (the defaults are c = 0, z = 1000, ci = 95, p = 0, b =0, d = 1, n = 0, t = 0). Mark carefully that when c is set to 0, then it estimated that there would be no listing of variables in cov, and after M all listing of variables m = will be considered as possible mediators.If availability of covariates is there, then printing of normal theory results will not be done. Use the similar approach, but only include a clause regarding covariates: More briefly, Mediation analyses are totally based on 3000 sample of bootstraps with the use of discriminatory- corrected and increased at 95% confidence intervals demonstrate that manipulating for covariate effect, and IV predicts a considerable indirect effect upon DV through the mediator [LL=, UL=]. As described above, LL and UL are a phrase for both the upper and lower level of confidence intervals. The online macro outputs partiality-corrected and increases confidence intervals. By considering the importance of testing is apparently more strong in the face of distribution issues common to small samples. Conclusion In the present study, the researcher aims to determine roles of mediator in the conceptual model by considering the approach of Baron Kenny and Preacher Hayes. The study shows that mediational hypotheses are a type of hypotheses by which assumption of the influence of an independent variable upon a dependent variable is mediated by the procedure of a mediating variable, and the independent variable might still influence the independent variable. Especially, in the mediational hypothesis, mediator variable is the prevailing or method variable. It presumes the full mediation in the variables. It means that the independent variable not at all influence the dependable variable once the mediator variable has inhibited it References Books and Journals Bauman, A.E., Sallis, J.F., Dzewaltowski, D.A. and Owen, N., 2002. Toward a better understanding of the influences on physical activity: the role of determinants, correlates, causal variables, mediators, moderators, and confounders.American journal of preventive medicine,23(2), pp.5-14. Dearing, E. and Hamilton, L.C., 2006. V. Contemporary advances and classic advice for analyzing mediating and moderating variables.Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development,71(3), pp.88-104. Hayes, A.F. and Preacher, K.J., 2014. Statistical mediation analysis with a multicategorical independent variable.British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology,67(3), pp.451-470. Kayser, D.N., Graupmann, V., Fryer, J.W. and Frey, D., 2016. Threat to Freedom and the Detrimental Effect of Avoidance Goal Frames: Reactance as a Mediating Variable.Frontiers in psychology,7. Kraemer, H.C., Wilson, G.T., Fairburn, C.G. and Agras, W.S., 2002. Mediators and moderators of treatment effects in randomized clinical trials.Archives of general psychiatry,59(10), pp.877-883. Kristeller, J.L., 2003. Mindfulness, wisdom and eating: Applying a multi-domain model of meditation effects.Journal of constructivism in the human sciences,8(2), pp.107-118. Lutz, A., Brefczynski-Lewis, J., Johnstone, T. and Davidson, R.J., 2008. Regulation of the neural circuitry of emotion by compassion meditation: effects of meditative expertise.PloS one,3(3), p.e1897. Muller, D., Judd, C.M. and Yzerbyt, V.Y., 2005. When moderation is mediated and mediation is moderated.Journal of personality and social psychology,89(6), p.852. Preacher, K.J., 2015. Advances in mediation analysis: A survey and synthesis of new developments.Annual Review of Psychology,66, pp.825-852. Shrout, P.E. and Bolger, N., 2002. Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations.Psychological methods,7(4), pp.422-445. Sinclair, J., Taylor, P.J. and Hobbs, S.J., 2013. Alpha level adjustments for multiple dependent variable analyses and their applicabilitya review.Int J Sports Sci Eng,7(1), pp.17-20. Skiera, B., Bayer, E. and Schler, L., 2017. What should be the dependent variable in marketing-related event studies?.International Journal of Research in Marketing. Understanding and Using Mediators and Moderators. 2015. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225421729_Understanding_and_Using_Mediators_and_Moderators [Accessed Aug 2, 2017]. Valeri, L. and VanderWeele, T.J., 2013. Mediation analysis allowing for exposuremediator interactions and causal interpretation: Theoretical assumptions and implementation with SAS and SPSS macros.Psychological methods,18(2), p.137. VanderWeele, T.J., 2016. Mediation analysis: a practitioner's guide.Annual review of public health,37, pp.17-32. Wolcott, H.N., Fouch, M.J., Hsu, E.R., DiJoseph, L.G., Bernaciak, C.A., Corrigan, J.G. and Williams, D.E., 2016. Modeling time-dependent and-independent indicators to facilitate identification of breakthrough research papers.Scientometrics,107(2), pp.807-817. Zhao, X., Lynch Jr, J.G. and Chen, Q., 2010. Reconsidering Baron and Kenny: Myths and truths about mediation analysis.Journal of consumer research,37(2), pp.197-206.

Nixon Essay free essay sample

He did many accomplishments in his Vice resident and President term but unfortunately he was really known for the Watergate Scandal. Many politicians and Presidents had their own scandals and did things that Americans disapproved of or would if they got caught. John F Kennedy had his women so did Franklin Roosevelt not only that but they may have done even worse things behind close doors. Americans are forgiving people, but unfortunately not for Watergate. Watergate not only made Americans upset or enraged but made them distrust Nixon and other Presidents that came after him.Some people may think that his wasnt a big thing and some know that It was. To me It was huge because with a man In power Like that he abused the law and the ground America stands on. He was trusted and loved by many and for him to do something so stupid is upsetting. We will write a custom essay sample on Nixon Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I am no saint nor is Nixon but you need to make the right decisions when you are in that short time of office. Yes, you may do things that are immoral but you do them to save the American people and behind close doors. Watergate was not one of those is was wrong, and what a shame because he would have one regardless.I think that there was more behind it than Just winning Presidency(main reason why Watergate happened). I believe in 50 year people will still remember Nixon for his Watergate Scandal and not the good deeds he had done. Why you may ask. Unfortunately, that is how our history is taught In school. We remember more and teach more on the bad things people have done In history than the good: most of the time. I think Nixon was a good person but made a really bad decision he was human and made the wrong choices in his position. He knew what happened and I think he had a part in it. Fortunately, Nixon will not ever be known for his accomplishments, but for Watergate. Soviet Union, not only that but when no other President or Vice President were able this wasnt a big thing and some know that it was. To me it was huge because with a man in power like that he abused the law and the ground America stands on. He was is taught in school. We remember more and teach more on the bad things people have done in history than the good: most of the time.

Whole Food free essay sample

Whole Foods Market had evolved into the â€Å"world’s largest retail chain of natural and organic foods supermarkets. † Their rapid growth and success is primarily due to being highly selective about what they sell, as well as being dedicated quality standards and core values. Whole Food’s stated mission statement was to â€Å"promote vitality and well-being for all individuals by offering the highest quality, least processed, most flavorful natural and naturally preserved foods available. † The key opportunities for Whole Foods include: increasing attractiveness of the health and organic food industry, growth through acquisition, and enhancing their brand image and loyalty through community service. Whole Foods has already bought its largest competitor, Wild Oats, which has shown to be profitable. By promoting organic foods Whole Foods can increase sales and attract new customers by introducing them to the Whole Foods experience. Whole Foods would benefit not only by promoting itself but the industry in general. We will write a custom essay sample on Whole Food or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In addition to promoting organic foods, they could enhance their brand image and loyalty by continuing their community service efforts. If the industry continues to grow and they continue to bring about brand awareness and loyalty, Whole Foods could strengthen its market share and profitability. ? The key threats that Whole Foods faces include: local grocers increasing their organic food options, the size of Whole Foods stores deterring customers, and the price of organic foods. Local grocers could potentially take away from Whole Foods sales by stealing the customers that want to get in and get out. If customers can get the organic foods they want at a smaller grocery store, some customers may switch to them. This is where the size of Whole Foods’ stores becomes a threat to themselves. If they continue to buy and build large stores they could potentially deter some of their consumers to the smaller grocers in the area. Also what is a threat now is the high price of organic foods. Consumers must pay a premium for these items because they cost more to produce. Whole Foods must keep the customers they have now loyal or they could lose them to non-organic foods that are cheaper. The organic foods market is very attractive and continuing to increase in attractiveness. Whole Foods holds a very strong position in the market and could potentially position themselves in an even stronger and more profitable position. Health and organic foods have become very popular and show no signs of slowing in demand. The processes by which organic foods are made will only become less expensive as new technologies and continuing knowledge of the industry grow.

Overcoat By Ghulam Abbas and The Blue Donkey By Suniti Namjoshi Essay Example

Overcoat By Ghulam Abbas and The Blue Donkey By Suniti Namjoshi Essay Example Overcoat By Ghulam Abbas and The Blue Donkey By Suniti Namjoshi Essay Overcoat By Ghulam Abbas and The Blue Donkey By Suniti Namjoshi Essay The Overcoat and The Blue Donkey are about how people tend to stereotype people by their outward appearance; societies see the outer shell of people and immediately make a judgement without looking deeper. People are rejected because of their appearance; both stories are about how appearances can be misleading. The story Overcoat is about a young man who dresses smartly, neatly and is well groomed in order to conform with the society. In contrast, The Blue Donkey is about a blue donkey that lives in the neighbourhood of the Red Bridge Society, where she is rejected because of her bright blue skin. We can recognize Overcoat is a fable since the characters in Overcoat do not have names, only the names of the street are mentioned. For instance, Charing Cross, Lawrence Garden, Mc Leod Road etc, are used to make it sound more like a true story. The young man is walking through some Asian city, we can recognize this by the people n the story such as, Tonga-wallas, Pan wallas etc and the money used in India and Pakistan is Anna. I think the fable is supposed to be set in Lahore because the writer comes from Lahore. In comparison, we can identify The Blue Donkey as certainly a fable as it begins with Once Upon A Time. They usually illustrate a proverb or a well known saying. The Blue Donkey is more obviously a fable since the central character is an animal that talks. The red bridge society in The Blue Donkey could be anywhere in the world there are no details of background at all or the names of the characters. These two stories are fables. They are stories with a moral behind it, which teaches us about human nature. The settings and backgrounds of both stories are very vague because the moral message is more important than the characters or background. In both stories the characters are extremely isolated, they stand out from the society around them. In Overcoat, the young mans smartness and elegance stand out from the society around him. His hair was sleek and shining and he wore side burns. His thin moustache seemed to been drawn with a moustache. He had on a brown overcoat with a cream coloured half opened rose in his buttonhole and a green felt hat which he wore at a rakish angle. A white scarf was knotted at his neck. One of his hands was slipped into a pocket of his overcoat while in the other he held a short polished cane which every now and then he twirled jauntily In comparison, in The Blue Donkey the donkeys blueness stands out and troubles the red bridge society although the blue donkey herself thinks she is a fine donkey. The citizens say to her: Your blueness troubles us Overcoat starts positively although it ends negatively. Which is in direct contrast to theThe Blue Donkey. The young man in Overcoat is first treated respectfully, courteously and with consideration. Traders are eager to sell their wares and render their service to the young man. Tonga wallas on catching sight of him raced towards him as they thought they would get some business from him as he looked rich, however the young man turned away from them. The young man later on went to a western music shop where he lifted the cover of the piano and played a few notes as if he was an expert. A salesman came up, Good evening sir he said courteously, Can I help you sir? The young man is treated courteously and respectfully. If he came in as his real self, beneath the overcoat, the salesman would not have spoken to him politely, he might not have allowed him in the shop let alone touching the piano. When the young man went into the Persian carpet shop, the carpet dealer greeted him warmly and this shop dealer also addressed him as sir. The carpet dealer offered to take the carpet off the wall and he was prepared to reduce the price of the carpet to the minimum. However, the young man walked away and told the carpet dealer that he would come some other time. As the young man was injured by the truck full of bricks. Two or three people who witnessed this shouted: Stop him . . . take the number The witnesses were concerned and eager to help the young man. When the young man was taken into the operating theatre, there was blood all over his clothes. Someone with sympathy put his felt hat on his chest so he would not lose it. The nurses feeling remorseful said: All togged up for Saturday night, poor chap. Did they catch his driver? No he got away What a pity! Now the nurses were taking the young mans clothes off. They exchanged glances after taking the young mans scarf off. Beneath the scarf there was neither a tie nor a collar not even a shirt. When the overcoat was being taken off there was a sweater full of holes, through the holes a dirty vest was seen which was worse than the sweater. It was as if the young man had not had a bath for at least two months. Layers of dirt covered the body. Only the part that could be seen by the public was well powdered and clean, the rest was filthy. After the vest, it was the trousers turn to come off. Again the eyes of the nurses met The trousers were securely bound at the hips by an old cloth that looked like an old tie. The shoes and the socks had to come off now. The shoes were old but were polished clean. As for the socks, they were different in colour and pattern from each other. There were holes in the socks from which the filth could be seen. Before the clothes had been taken off, his face was toward the ceiling but slowly it had turned toward the wall as his clothes had been taken off as if in shame for what he really was under his mask. Was it perhaps for the shame of this dual nakedness of body and soul that now he dared not face his fellow beings? The story ends pathetically with the few items in the young mans pocket, A small black comb, a handkerchief, six annas and a few pies, a half smoked cigarette, a little diary in which the names and addresses of a few people were noted, a list of gramophone records and a few handbills which distributors had thrust upon him during his evening promenade. In contrast, The Blue Donkey starts negatively and ends positively. Both parties first reject her. Her skin colour was different and so they rejected her. The councillors who governed the town said: A donkey who lives by our bright red bridge has to be of the purest and silkiest white or we must request that the said donkey be required to move on. The second party thought it was unfair asking the donkey to be the silkiest white because she was never white and she could never be white. However, this party thought it would be better if she turned herself grey, as it would be better so no one will be offended. The first party thought the donkey was being blue on purpose. The two parties use various arguments to cover up their intolerance and racism. Both parties went to the blue donkey and asked her to turn into an inoffensive grey, the donkey did not moan that she was blue but instead she said: Cant and wont The first party barked out that she was being stubborn. The donkey confused then said: I am a perfectly good donkey The donkey didnt mind being blue and eating pink carrots although this troubled the red bridge society as the carrots clashed horribly with the bright red bridge and they spitefully told the blue donkey that they didnt want a bright blue donkey living near the red bridge. Although most of them got used to the donkey being blue and they did not notice it any more. There were still a couple more who thought the donkey was being blue on purpose. Sometimes there were those who brought her blue flowers as they thought, That the blue donkey was herself therefore beautiful They finally admired her difference and they respected it. The story ends positively with acceptance unlike Overcoat. The young man in Overcoat has a poor self-image. He knows he will not be accepted so he changes his identity. He does not like being different he spends a lot of time on being smart he plucks his moustache so carefully that it looks as if it is dr awn with a pencil. The young man is ashamed of being his true self. He is not self confident. In direct contrast, The Blue Donkey likes herself just as she is. She is self-confident The Blue Donkey does not hesitate to say she does not want to be blue but instead she says, cant and wont. She knows she is a perfectly good donkey and she does not change because of what the society says and what she looks like from the outside. The Blue Donkey likes to flaunt her blueness as she is different and she does not mind been solitary and inferior. The blue donkey does not hide her blueness she would rather be blue than be with the crowd. The style of each story is different. The story Overcoat has a plot as we follow his promenade through the town meeting different traders and different people. We listen to some of the conversations the man has with some of these traders. It reaches a climax with the accident and there is a lot more action at that point. There is a lot of description ,adjectives and adverbs to describe peoples apperance. The owner of the shop, wearing a long robe and a silk turban, greeted him warmly. There are many people the young man meets. There is a mixture of long and short sentences and a mixture of long and short paragraphs too. There are two parts to the story first where he is accepted by the traders and people before the accident. Later on in the operating theatre he is rejected by the nurses. In The Blue Donkey there are very few descriptions of people and there are very few adjectives the only adjectives. The only adjectives used are to do with colour, A donkey who lives by our bright red bridge must be of the purest and silkiest white or we must request that the said donkey be required to move on The story itself is plain and brief. There are very few adverbs and the story itself has simple style. No plot develops and there are arguments rather than actions. The language of the political parties is pompous and formal because they are superior being white or think they are. There are only long paragraphs in the entire story in which the longest is twenty-five lines long. This story has also two parts, first where she is rejected and told to move on if she is not of the purest or silkiest white and later on when she is given blue flowers, as she was beautiful because she was herself. Societies should not judge people for what they look like on top without looking deeper, like the people in Overcoat who judged the young man to be wealthy as in the end he was a pauper who just wore an overcoat so he could fit in with the society and so he would not be rejected. I think this story resembles the saying, All that glitters isnt gold The young man in Overcoat deceives himself by judging others by their outward appearance when he is covering his true self just like the society around him, It was their clothes rather than their faces that attracted his attention. The donkey in the story represents old aged pensioners, disabled people, ethnic minorities, poor people, foreigners, coloured people as the story is about prejudice and the refusal to accept people for what they really are. In the end the blue donkey is accepted, she did not mind looking different from the society. She didnt do what the society said but she did what she thought was good for her. I think this story resembles the saying, Dont judge a book by its cover. Like the red bridge society, we tend to jump to conclusions and stereotype. People are too quick to judge and reject anyone who is different. This discrimination and intolerance can easily lead to war.

Discuss the definition and the sources of Christian theology, and how Essay

Discuss the definition and the sources of Christian theology, and how is systematic theology related to biblical theology and Christian ethics - Essay Example Theology is the fruit of the reflection of the truth revealed in the Word of God.† (Louis Berkhof, 1996) Theologians have found several sources from which they develop the ideas of God. The firs source is Reason, it is defined narrowly as the logical deduction from stated premises, or broadly to include ones feelings, intuition, and experience. This point out that one can find his way to God through his own thought, reasoning, contemplation etc. the best example of such a source is though St. Anselm, who developed the ontological argument for the existence of God. Church authority can also be a source of Christian theology, to give a an example the roman Catholic Church gives teaches that God reveals his truth to the church in some collective way, the church also claims that god can manifest himself directly through the leaders of the church. The third source can be through General Revelation, it is said by many that God’s person and character is revealed in nature. When man contemplates about nature it is with no doubt that he is having a true knowledge of God. Evidentialist ap ologists of England can epitomize this source. The fourth source through which source of theology can manifest itself is by Special revelation, the Bible claims to be a direct revelation to man from God. The belief of Christianity is that the Bible should help them to acquire and organize the teachings found there. The other source of Christian theology can be from the postmodern theology’s sources of theology. Therefore the sources of theology to summarize are through God himself. God should be the only source of knowledge in regard to his own being and relations. This makes theology to be a summary and explanations of the content of God’s revelations. These are; the revelation of God in nature, supremely and the revelation of God in the scriptures. Earlier we have defined theology as â€Å"the study of god† the term Systematic is taken from the Greek word

Bullying Behavior in Middle School Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Bullying Behavior in Middle School Review - Essay Example The theory is used to demonstrate that individuals have a huge impact of their surroundings and activities done by or with their associates. They perceive things (e.g. victimization or bullying) from the interacted people and their experiences. The third premise reveals that even if individuals do not go through bullying or victimization, they presume and get an adverse effect on their acts and thoughts. These negative activities harm them as much as the victims. The theory is successfully implemented and employed throughout the paper and has helped in drawing the conclusions. This research is very helpful in understanding the behavioral factors of bullying and victimization among younger generation. This research adds a new and incredible piece in this subject. However, there are some limitations related to this research paper. The research conducted by Mongold cannot be taken as a research producing conclusions that fit-to-all. In simple words, the research paper is conducted on the basis of a single middle school’s setting which cannot be estimated as true for the whole city, state or world. The conclusions drawn have effect of a number of factors including the thoughts, views, values, behaviors, cultures and backgrounds of individuals. Individuals that are a part of a single organization may be influenced by the aims, rules and objectives of it. In addition, the views about bullying and victimization can also be affected by continuous imposition of these matters on children by lectures, conduct or education. Since the guidance counselors conduc t ‘bully-proof’ lessons annually, it is more probable that the views and conduct of individuals are affected by it. Another question that can be raised on the credibility of the conclusions drawn can be the accuracy of data collected through questionnaires. The questionnaires consisted of a number of questions and it is probable that the participants may

Romantic Love and Marriage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Romantic Love and Marriage - Essay Example Recent statistics suggests that romantic love is not the only principle of long-lasting and happy marriage. Today, the main reasons of divorces include early marriages, different opinions about their responsibilities in a family, and getting marriages without mutual feelings. One third of all families in the USA are divorced in spite of the fact that they have romantic love and true feelings when they married (Chalmers 2006). In contrast, those families and partners who did not have true romantic feelings when married are more stable unions and only 10% of such families are divorced. Thesis Romantic love is not the only principles of happy and stable marriage. The partners in a successful marriage are those who have learned how to function after the music stops, after romance and its heart-tripping frenzy has cooled. Everyone's heard that love can't last forever, and this is true simply because you don't live forever. But love does often last a lifetime, although its nature changes over the years. Margaret Reedy of the University of Southern California has studied this idea of loving happily ever after and the age differences in satisfying love relationships. She chose 102 married couples for her study. They were people who had been judged by others who knew them well to be very much in love (Sternberg and Barnes 22). They were divided into three groups: young adults, married an average of five years; middle-aged adults, married an average of twenty-one years; and older adults, married an average of thirty-seven years. Each of the satisfied lovers was asked to complete a list of statements, rating each in terms of how well it described hi s or her current love relationship. These statements reflected a wide variety of possible experiences people might have in love relationships, and in turn reflected the six components of love we mentioned earlier (emotional security, referring to feelings of trust, caring, concern and warmth; respect, which means being able to be tolerant, understanding and patient; the ability to spend time together, working as well as playing; communication, being able to be honest and self-revealing, and being a good listener; loyalty, or a sense of investment and commitment; sexual intimacy). Statistical results suggest that "The divorce rate in 2005 (per 1,000 people) was 3.6 -- the lowest rate since 1970, and down from 4.2 in 2000 and from 4.7 in 1990" (Divorce statistics 2008). There was, first of all, a clear indication that the nature of love in satisfying relationships is different at different ages. For example, the couples who assessed their current love alliance supported the common ide a that passion and sexual intimacy are relatively more important in early adulthood, whereas tender feelings of affection and loyalty are more important in the love relationships of later life. The findings also supported the notion that, over time, love associations are less likely to be based on intense companionship and communication, and more likely to be base