The Competent Teacher

The Competent Teacher The reason for this article is to assess how educators need to get ready to be skilled for the 21st century. Specialists and instructors are turning out to be mindful that the 21st century homeroom is evolving drastically. A group of instructor teachers from NIE plunked down and asked themselves these inquiries. : What are the jobs of the educator in the 21st century? What are the capabilities instructors need to satisfy these jobs? What can our instructor training programs furnish to assist them with this undertaking? A portion of the jobs they distinguished included: supporting the entire youngster, giving quality getting the hang of, working with others, and building up a solid arrangement of individual qualities. They at that point made a rundown of center capabilities that each prepared educator ought to have. The center capabilities were arranged into 3 wide execution measurements. These measurements are, proficient practice, authority and the executives, and individual adequacy. Proficient practice, is the possibility that the educator accepts each open door to energize learning, and accept that all understudies can learn. Furthermore, learning isn't constrained to the study hall. The educator accepts each open door to enhance their own proficient practice, so as to give quality learning. Authority and the board is the possibility that a capable instructor is a pioneer who wins the hearts and psyches of the understudies and sees an incentive in working with guardians, partners, and different experts at all given occasions. Individual adequacy is simply the possibility that instructors need to hold themselves to the most noteworthy good and moral gauges both all through the study hall. The speculation behind this thought is summarized best as â€Å"you must put stock in yourself before others will trust in you†. I believe that for an instructor to be skilled in the homeroom today they should assess themselves on a yearly premise. Each class, and understudy is unique and showing material changes after some time. Innovation is likewise a key component in the study hall. An educator must keep awake to date and be capable on the different parts of the innovation world. I accept an instructor ought to have the option to adjust to various study hall settings, understudies and circumstances as they are introduced. Turning into an instructor is work where one must expect the sudden and have the option to manage it on an expert level. (Reference: singteach. nie. edu. sg Issue 23-walk/april 2010)

Get Creative With the Use of Free Narrative Essay Samples

Get Creative With the Use of Free Narrative Essay SamplesWriting a narrative essay is one of the most effective and well-known ways to earn a degree. Since so many people are concerned about their grades, they often hesitate to get their hands on free narrative essay samples. If you want to stand out from the crowd of people who are attempting to ace their college essays, then you need to get yourself some free narrative essay samples. It's best that you get started by using some of the free narrative essay samples available online.The first thing you will want to do is find some of the most well-known free narrative essay samples. The reasons behind this include the fact that those writers who have tried to acquire the free sample literature have been unsuccessful with their attempts. In other words, their attempts to do so failed. They must be in for a big surprise once they try to utilize the same sources.To begin with, it's important that you use only free narrative essay samples . This is because there are hundreds of websites offering the free narrative material, but not all of them are good. Some of them provide poor quality material and they may even include plagiarized material. Since you will want to use the same material as the other writers who have tried to use the same sources, you must seek out the ones that are trustworthy.You can find several websites offering free narrative essay samples. However, it's highly recommended that you use only the ones that are already authentic. You will see many of these sites will give you links to these sites with the actual download links. This is because some sites may feature the same free material from them and may also provide links to the real sites where you can acquire the information.If you have a hard time locating some of the free narrative essay samples, then you can do so with the help of Google. Simply type in 'free narrative essay samples' in the search engine and you will be able to find several sites that offer free stuff. Of course, you should be careful when trying to locate them since some of them may be scams.However, there are still websites that offer free narrative essay samples. However, the sources of these samples are a bit difficult to understand and may be best obtained through the internet. There are several sites online that offer the free narrative essay samples and you will be able to find the real resources through the internet.These free narrative essay samples are just the kind of materials that you will need to get ready for your college essay writing. You will be able to dominate your essay if you can confidently use some of the free narrative essay samples available on the internet.

Free Homeschool Programs for Texas Students

The state of Texas offers resident students the opportunity to take online public school courses for free.  Virtual schools that offer no-cost instruction include online charter schools, statewide public programs, and private programs that receive public funding. Online Texas Charter Schools and Public Schools Texas has multiple options for students wishing to take free virtual courses. Some are provided through state-funded school districts, and others are provided through private academies: Texas Connections Academy: A fully accredited online school, Texas Connections Academy offers courses for students in grades three through 12, including Honors and Advancement Placement courses that can be applied for college credit. The school uses LiveLesson technology to provide live teaching over the web. In addition to standard curriculum, Texas Connections Academy also offers college preparation and counseling, including SAT prep classes and assistance with the college application process.Texas Online Preparatory School: Texas Online Preparatory School (TOPS) is a state-funded program run by Huntsville Independent School District. It provides personalized, tuition-free education for students in grades 3 through 12. Flexible pacing allows students with other commitments to meet their educational needs on their own schedule. Although most of the instruction is done remotely, the school organizes field trips, picnics, and other outings throughout the year to give students to chanc e to meet and socialize.Texas Virtual Academy: Like TOPS, Texas Virtual Academy is a state-funded program. It is run by Hallsville Independent School District in northeast Texas. The school offers a traditional curriculum as well as courses in Career and Technical Education (CTE) such as computer science, web design, audio engineering, sports medicine, and accounting. Students can also take special courses through the University of Texas of the Permian Basin for both high school and college credit.iUniversity Prep: Designed for students in grades five through 12, iUniversity Prep is a virtual school run by Grapevine-Colleyville Independent School District. It is focused on college preparedness. Students work together with teachers and learning coaches to develop and reevaluate customized learning plans. The school encourages and helps plan extracurricular activities so that students who cannot participate in traditional education have an opportunity to meet their peers. More information on virtual learning opportunities for Texas students is available through the Texas Virtual School Network. About Online Schools Most virtual schools are charter schools  that receive government funding and are run by  private organizations. Online charter schools are subject to fewer restrictions than traditional schools. However, they are reviewed regularly and must continue to meet state standards. Some states also offer their own  online public schools. These virtual programs generally operate from a state office or a school district. Statewide public school programs vary. Some online public schools offer a limited number of remedial or advanced courses not available in brick-and-mortar public school campuses. Others offer full online diploma programs, like those available through Texas Virtual Academy and Texas Online Preparatory School. Choosing a School When choosing an online public school, look for an established program that is regionally accredited and has a track record of success. Be wary of new schools that are disorganized, are unaccredited, or have been the subject of public scrutiny.

Why Students Should Not Work - 934 Words

As society advances forward, the need for a college education is becoming increasingly inherent to upcoming students. Many students feel a need to work in order to pay for their education, but this can have mixed effects. Many fall off of their path of study and become entwined in a blue-collar life, they often cannot find their way out. A substantial amount of time and energy is required to flourish in college and a long shift at work can have a parasitic effect on a student’s academic potential. As a result working students find that their job can lead to them having lower grades and flunking courses. Students should not work throughout college because alternate forms of financial aid are available, the opportunity for academic success is limited, and personal free time is diminished. Failing school because you are having difficulty paying for school is outlandish. Measures have been emplaced to alleviate the financial worries of a college student, so working shouldn’ t be much of a concern to them. A common motivation for working in college is the need for money; rising school prices and an unstable market add to this. The need for money is apparent to them and a quick solution is to work a job after or before school. They pay for books and clothing with this money and they put off school to do it. For many students working throughout college is the only solution they know to pay for it. The lack of awareness and general education for finding financialShow MoreRelatedSchool Hours895 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction: Students complain about how tired they are during their morning periods. Thesis: Schools should start later according to Dr. Ross and Mr. Philips. Students feel very emotionally distress early in the mornings. It’s only reasonable to think that concentration would be better after enough of time to actually wake up. i. Dr. Ross and Mr. Philips ii. Emotional distress iii. Concentration Conclusion: We should start paying more attention to the reasoning’s of why schools should start laterRead MoreWhat Do Our Schools Serve The Goals Of A True Education?1362 Words   |  6 Pagesor a good education that we, as students, deserve. Schools have been cheating us of what we deserve. Although some may believe our school system is perfect, it is not; our school system is broken and it needs to be fixed. But to fix the problems and to serve the students we must first have a vision of what good education is (Ravitvch). What is a good education? A good education isn’t just learning and comprehending, a good education should also teach us how to work well with others, to use our commonRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Cell Phones In School970 Words   |  4 PagesShould cell phones or mobile devices be allowed during school hours or through out different classes. Cell phones are not good for students or for teacher to have to deal with while they are trying to do their job and teach. Most kids should be able to go each day without their phones till they get home from school and are allowed then to get on their phones. Most kids do not even have phones to take to school or to look forward to getting on when they get home from school. Schools all over the worldRead MoreShould College Athletes Get Paid?1742 Words   |  7 PagesShould College Athletes Get Paid? Should college athletes be paid? This has been a controversial topic ever since college sports started. Many people argue that they should. Many people argue that they should not. College athletes should get paid because they work extremely hard playing their sport. The people that say they should be paid argue that the amount of time athletes dedicate is equivalent to a full-time job, and maybe even more. The people that say they should not get paid argue that collegeRead MoreFactors That Affect Teacher s Expectations Of Students844 Words   |  4 Pagesteacher’s expectations of students in a negative way. I have seen how the way the children act and their background affects the leaders at my sites expectations for how a child will act during homework time. One of the students I work with was being very difficult during free time, so before I worked with that child on homework, the teacher told me that the students acted out because of many problems at home, and because of t his, I should not expect much from this student in a positive academic situationRead MoreWhat is Art Integrating?984 Words   |  4 Pagesdefined as â€Å"an approach to teaching in which students construct and demonstrate understanding through an art form. Students engage in a creative process which connects an art form and another subject area and meets evolving objectives in both† (Silverstein Layne, 2010). With this definition, we know that art integration is not simply drawing a picture of Goldilocks after reading Goldilocks and the Three Bears. It has to reach much deeper than that for the student to be able to show that they truly understandRead MoreGrade Deflation Rough Draft : Outline1043 Words   |  5 PagesKenneth A. Hicks Prof. Erika Jo Brown HYBRID ENGL 1303 September 30, 2015 Grade Deflation Rough Draft Imagine you have an essay due in two weeks, and you work on it day and night, run it through professors and friends for them to tell you what you think, and you do an extensive research to have supporting facts about what you are writing about. Your essay is immaculate, it has everything the professor asked for in the grading rubric. When you receive your grade, however, you are disappointed, youRead MoreCollege Athletes Should Not Be Paid Essay1279 Words   |  6 Pagesout on the field, court, and track without any compensation for their hard work; even with the fact that college sports brings in a lot of revenue for universities. Also these athletes are not only athletes but students meaning they have to keep a certain grade point average to play. 1 College athletes deserve to be paid since they bring in the most money for universities, their hard work and having to balance being a student-athlete. Close Panel Its no secret that college sports bringsRead MoreAcademic Integrity And Student Plagiarism1622 Words   |  7 PagesThis essay concerns the issues of academic integrity as plagiarism and buying essays. This work addresses, much attention will be paid to the background of breaches of academic integrity. Students’ behavior will be described and thoroughly analyzed. This essay will provide an understanding that current educational system itself creates prerequisites for such violations. Nowadays, American students try to subvert the educational system by using plagiarism in essays. The educational system tries toRead MoreEssay 2. Everyone Who Is Involved With Education Has Different1360 Words   |  6 Pageswhether it’s about how to teach, what should teach, or what the purpose of education is. As time goes on, there has been change that has happened in the school systems and that will forever be changing for the better. People define ‘better’ in different ways, and people have disagreements on what could make education better and that’s why there all types of different methods and beliefs that create a diverse background of what education is and what it should be. My beliefs may be somewhat similar

Cutting Tools free essay sample

To produce quality parts a cutting tool must possess following typical characteristics: -Hardness hardness and strength at high temperatures, to resist flank wear and deformation -Toughness to resist bulk breakage, so that tools don’t chip or fracture -Wear resistance having acceptable tool life before needing to be replaced †¢Non-reactive with the work piece material †¢Chemical stability to resist oxidation and diffusion †¢Resistance to sudden thermal changes. Cutting tool materials can be divided into two main categories: stable and unstable. Unstable materials are â€Å"substances that start at a relatively low hardness point and are then heat treated to promote the growth of hard particles inside the original matrix, which increases the overall hardness of the material at the expense of some its original toughness. Since heat is the mechanism to alter the structure of the substance, and at the same time the cutting action produces a lot of heat, such substances are inherently unstable under machining conditions†. Stable materials on the other hand are â€Å"substances that remain relatively stable under the heat produced by most machining conditions, as they dont attain their hardness through heat. They wear down due to abrasion, but generally dont change their properties much during use† . Most stable materials tend to be hard and very fragile and are generally used for large, heavy and stiff machinery. Unstable materials tend to be softer and thus tougher and are generally used in hand tools and light machinery. The main materials used for cutting tools are: -Carbon Steel -High Speed Steel (HSS) -HSS Cobalt Cast Alloys -Cast Cobalt Alloy -Cemented Carbide -Coated Carbide -Ceramic -Cermet -Cubic Boron Nitride (CBN) -Diamond Carbon Steel This material is one of the earliest cutting materials used in machining. It is however now virtually superseded by other materials used in engineering because it is extremely sensitive to heat – it starts to temper at about 220oC. This softenin g process continues as the temperature rises. As a result cutting using this material for tools is limited to speeds up to 0. 15 m/s for machining mild steel with lots of coolant. Carbon steel is generally unstable and very inexpensive. Although it is considered obsolete today it is still found in non-intensive applications such as hand operated tools (e. g. reamers and taps). It has a hardness of up to about HRC 65 and sharp cutting edges are achievable with it. High Speed Steel (HSS) This range of metals contains about 7% carbon, 4% chromium plus additions of tungsten, vanadium, molybdenum and cobalt. These metals maintain a hardness of up to about HRC 67 at temperature up to about 600o, but soften rapidly at higher temperatures. These materials are suitable for cutting mild steel at speeds up maximum rates of 0. m/s to 1. 8 m/s and sharp cutting edges possible. HSS is unstable but inexpensive. In fact it is the most common cutting tool material used today and is used extensively on drill bits and taps. HSS Cobalt These are high cobalt versions of HSS that are very resistant to heat and thus excellent for machining abrasive and/or work hardening materials such as titanium and stainless steel. They are unstable and moderately expensive and are used extensively on milling cutters and drill bits. They have a hardness of up to about HRC 70 and sharp cutting edges possible. Cast Alloys These metals are stable and expensive but somewhat fragile. Despite their stability they dont allow for high machining speed due to low hardness and are not used much. They have a hardness of up to about HRC 65 and sharp cutting edges possible. Cast Cobalt Alloys These materials are made of various non ferrous metals in a cobalt base. They can withstand cutting temperatures of up to 760oC and are capable of cutting speeds about 60% higher than HSS. They are made of 38 – 53% Cobalt, 30 – 33% Chromium and 10 – 20 % Tungsten. They have a hardness of 58-64 HRC and good wear resistance but little toughness. They are not suitable for intermittent cutting but are good for deep boring and continuous turning is better than HSS. Cemented Carbides These materials usually consist of tungsten carbide or a mixture of tungsten carbide, titanium, or tantalum carbide in powder form, sintered in a matrix of cobalt or nickel. As they are expensive and have low rupture strength they are normally made in the form of tips which are brazed or clamped on a steel shank. The clamped tips are generally used as throw away inserts. Cemented carbide is stable and the most common material used in the industry today. It is offered in several grades and offers a resistance to abrasion. Its main use is in turning tool bits although it is very common in milling cutters and saw blades. It supports a hardness of up to about HRC 90 and sharp edges are generally not recommended. Coated Carbides The cutting system is based on providing a thin layer of high wear-resistant titanium carbide fused to a conventional tough grade carbide insert, thus achieving a tool combining the wear resistance of one material with the wear resistance of another. These systems provide a longer wear resistance and a higher cutting speed compared to conventional carbides. Ceramics Ceramics are made by powder metallurgy from aluminium oxide with additions of titanium oxide and magnesium oxide to improve cutting properties. They are stable and moderately inexpensive. Chemically inert and extremely resistant to heat, ceramics are usually desirable in high speed applications however they are brittle and have little resistance to shock. Ceramics are considered unpredictable under unfavourable conditions. Their use is therefore limited to tips used for continuous high speed cutting on vibration-free machines. The most common ceramic materials are based on alumina (aluminium oxide), silicon nitride and silicon carbide. They are used almost exclusively on turning tool bits. They have a hardness up to about HRC 93 and sharp cutting edges and positive rake angles are to be avoided. Cermets Cermets are stable and moderately expensive. They are cemented materials based on titanium carbide (TiC). They binder is usually nickel, which provides higher abrasion resistance compared to tungsten carbide at the expense of some toughness. It is also far more chemically inert than tungsten. Cermets have an extremely high resistance to abrasion. They are used primarily on turning tool bits although research is being carried on producing other cutting tools. They have a hardness of up to about HRC 93 and sharp edges with them are generally not recommended.? Cubic Boron Nitride (CBN) CBN is the second hardest substance known but it is also the second most fragile. It is stable and expensive. CBN offers extremely high resistance to abrasion at the expense of much toughness. It is generally used in a machining process called hard machining, which involves running the tool or the part fast enough to melt it before it touches the edge, softening it considerably; it is used almost exclusively on turning tool bits. CBN has hardness higher than HRC 95 and sharp edges are generally not recommended with it. Diamonds The hardest substance known to date, diamonds have limited application due to the high cost and the small size of the stones. They are stable and are used on very hard materials to produce a fine finish and on soft materials, especially those inclined to clog other cutting materials. They offer superior resistance to abrasion but also high chemical affinity to iron which results in them being unsuitable for steel machining. Extremely fragile, they are generally used at very high cutting speed with low feed and light cuts. Due to the brittleness of the diamonds the machine has to be designed to be vibration free. The tools last for 10 (up to 400) times longer than carbide based tools. Diamonds are used almost exclusively on turning tool bits although they can be used as a coating on many kinds of tools. Sharp edges generally not recommended. ? CUTTING FLUIDS Cutting fluids are used in metal machining for a variety of reasons such as: -Improving tool life -Reducing work piece thermal deformation -Improving surface finish -Flushing away chips from the cutting zone The properties of a good cutting are: Maintaining thermal stability of the work piece †¢Maximising the life of the cutting tip by lubricating the working edge and reducing tip welding. †¢Ensuring safety for the people handling it (toxicity, bacteria, fungi) and for the environment upon disposal. †¢Preventing rust on machine parts and cutters. Cutting fluids fall into one of five categories: -Liquid -Paste or gels -Aerosols -CO2 C oolants -Air or other gases Liquid There are four main types of liquid cutting fluids: †¢Straight oils †¢Soluble oils †¢Semisynthetic fluids †¢Synthetic fluids Straight Oils Straight oils are non-emulsifiable and are used in machining operations in an undiluted form. They are composed of a base mineral or petroleum oil and often contain polar lubricants such as fats, vegetable oils and esters as well as extreme pressure additives such as Chlorine, Sulphur and Phosphorus. Straight oils provide the best lubrication and the poorest cooling characteristics among cutting fluids. Synthetic Fluids They contain no petroleum or mineral oil base and instead are formulated from alkaline inorganic and organic compounds along with additives for corrosion inhibition. They are generally used in a diluted form (usual concentration 3 to 10%). Synthetic fluids often provide the best cooling performance among all cutting fluids. Soluble Oil Fluids They form an emulsion when mixed with water. The concentrate consists of a base mineral oil and emulsifiers to help produce a stable emulsion. They are used in a diluted form (usual concentration 3 to 10%) and provide good lubrication and heat transfer performance. They are widely used in industry and are the least expensive among all cutting fluids. Semi-synthetic Fluids They are essentially a combination of synthetic and soluble oil fluids and have characteristics common to both types. The cost and heat transfer performance of semi-synthetic fluids lies between those of synthetic and soluble oil fluids. Pastes or Gels They are used for some applications, in particular hand operations such as drilling and tapping. In sawing metal with a bandsaw, it is common to periodically run a stick of paste against the blade. This product is similar in form factor to lipstick or beeswax. It comes in a cardboard tube, which gets slowly consumed with each application. Aerosols Some cutting fluids are used in aerosol (mist) form. They were traditionally regarded as a health hazard to workers and notoriously difficult to use with precision. However, a newer form of aerosol delivery, MQL (minimum quantity of lubricant), avoids both of those problems. The delivery of the aerosol is directly through the flutes of the tool, i. e. through or around the insert itself. MQL is delivered in such a precisely targeted way that it can be regarded as almost like dry machining. The chips generally seem like dry-machined chips, requiring no draining, and the air is very clean. MQL doesnt provide much cooling in the sense of heat transfer, but its well-targeted lubricating action prevents some of the heat from being generated in the first place, which helps to explain its success. CO2 Coolant Carbon Dioxide can also be used as a coolant. In this application pressurized liquid CO2 is allowed to expand and following the ideal gas law, this is accompanied by a drop in temperature, enough to cause a change of phase into a solid. These solid crystals are redirected into the cut zone by either external nozzles or through-the-spindle delivery, to provide temperature controlled cooling of the cutting tool and work piece. Existing CNC machines can be retrofitted with this safe and environmentally coolant approach. In applications such as turning, milling or drilling tool life and throughput have been improved substantially, especially in High Temperature Alloys such as titanium, 4140, steels and plastics. Air or other gases Compressed air, supplied through pipes and hoses from an air compressor and discharged from a nozzle aimed at the tool, is sometimes used as a coolant. The force of the decompressing air stream blows chips away, and the decompression itself has a slight degree of cooling action. The net result is that the heat of the machining cut is carried away a bit better than by ambient air alone. Liquid nitrogen, supplied in pressurized steel bottles, is sometimes used in similar fashion. Cutting Fluid Selection Criteria The principal criteria for selection of a cutting fluid for a given machining operation are: †¢Process performance : oHeat transfer performance oLubrication performance oChip flushing oFluid mist generation oFluid carry-off in chips oCorrosion inhibition oFluid stability (for emulsions) †¢Cost Performance Environmental Performance †¢Health Hazard Performance Cutting Fluid Maintenance and Disposal Cutting fluid maintenance involves checking the following variables: -Concentration of soluble oil emulsions (using refractometers) -PH (using a pH meter) -Quantity of tramp oil (hydraulic oil leaking into the cutting fluid system) -Quantity of particulates in the fluid. Action taken to maintain the fluid includes -Adding make-up concentrate or water -Skimming of tramp oil -Adding biocides to prevent bacterial growth -Filtering the particulates by centrifuging

75 Synonyms for Hard

75 Synonyms for Hard 75 Synonyms for â€Å"Hard† 75 Synonyms for â€Å"Hard† By Mark Nichol It’s easy to write about how hard something is, because so many synonyms exist for that vague word and its more formal cousin difficult. Many of these terms are somewhat interchangeable (that’s why they call them synonyms), but even then, the senses are often slightly distinct; do a little more research on usage when you find a promising variation for that abstract (or is it abstruse?) phrasing you’re attempting to finesse. 1. Abstract: disassociation from a practical reference that would aid in comprehension 2. Abstruse: difficult because of technical considerations 3. Arduous: great physical exertion 4. Augean: unpleasantly, overwhelmingly hard (a classical reference to the Augean stables, cleaned by Hercules as one of his legendary twelve labors) 5. Backbreaking: tiring and often dispiriting physical effort 6. Bruising: physically wearing and damaging 7. Brutal: unpleasantly difficult 8. Burdensome: physically or emotionally difficult 9. Challenging: requiring special effort; may have a positive or a negative sense depending on context 10. Complex: difficult because of multiple interrelated factors 11. Complicated: see complex 12. Convoluted: see complex; with an additional connotation of twisting or intertwining 13. Cruel: marked by uncompromising difficulty that disregards the worker’s welfare 14. Daunting: inspiring a feeling of great difficulty 15. Demanding: suggestive of a great commitment of time and effort 16. Distressing: causing emotional anguish 17. Effortful: requiring effort 18. Elusive: difficult to comprehend, or evasive 19. Exacting: requiring meticulous attention to detail, or requiring relentless effort 20. Exhausting: difficult in terms of physical or mental exertion 21. Formidable: discouraging because of expected difficulty; also has a positive connotation of impressiveness 22. Frustrating: producing feelings of hopelessness or defeat 23. Grievous: causing pain or suffering 24. Grim: evidencing unyielding difficulty or severity; can also mean â€Å"grim,† â€Å"gloomy,† or â€Å"sinister† 25. Grueling (also spelled gruelling): requiring unrelenting or extreme effort 26. Hairy: difficult (informal) 27. Harsh: excessively difficult 28. Heavy: involving great effort 29. Herculean: suggestive of great difficulty 30. Inhuman: so difficult as to seem beyond human capability 31. Insoluble: seemingly too difficult to be solved or resolved 32. Intimidating: so difficult that the task or prospect inspires fear or hopelessness 33. Intricate: see complex 34. Involved: see convoluted 35. Knotty: see convoluted 36. Labored: requiring wearying physical or mental exertion 37. Laborious: see labored 38. Merciless: marked by effort that seems to be required with no regard for the welfare of the worker 39. Moiling: requiring much effort 40. Murderous: suggestive of risk of physical or mental harm (informal) 41. Onerous: see burdensome 42. Opaque: difficult because of a lack of clarity or communication 43. Oppressive: harshly difficult 44. Overwhelming: too hard to do or bear without suffering 45. Painful: causing physical or mental discomfort or harm 46. Pick-and-shovel: suggestive of great manual effort 47-48. Problematic/problematical: difficulty in solving a problem 49. Punishing: difficulty heedless of consequences of physical or mental strain 50. Recondite: difficult to comprehend because of obscurity or the need to possess more knowledge 51. Rigid: inflexibly difficult 52. Rigorous: difficulty caused by conditions of inflexibility or requirements of great precision 53. Rugged: suggestive of conditions requiring strength and stamina 54. Serious: requiring a great deal of effort 55. Severe: difficult because of the nature of requirements or constraints or because of the need to expend great effort 56. Spiny: replete with difficulties 57. Sisyphean: suggestive of relentless, repetitive toil (a classical reference to Sisyphus, tormented in Hades by having to repeatedly roll a boulder up a hill, then retrieve it when it rolls down again) 58. Stiff: see rigid 59. Strenuous: see arduous 60. Stressful: so difficult as to cause tension or nervousness 61. Strict: difficult especially because of standards imposed 62. Stringent: see strict 63. Stubborn: persistently difficult 64. Sweaty: suggestive of great physical exertion, causing perspiration 65. Tall: see formidable (informal) 66. Taxing: see burdensome 67. Testing: calling for great effort, as if to test one’s abilities 68. Thorny: see spiny 69. Ticklish: difficult because of the problem’s sensitive nature 70. Tight: hard because of a lack of flexibility 71. Toilsome: see labored 72. Tough: physically or mentally demanding (informal) 73. Tricky: see ticklish 74. Trying: requiring great endurance 75. Uphill: see labored Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? 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A Short History of the American Red Cross

A Short History of the American Red Cross Historical Importance of the American Red Cross The American Red Cross is the only congressionally mandated organization to provide aid to victims of disaster and is responsible for fulfilling the mandates of the Geneva Convention within the United States. It was founded May 21, 1881 It has historically been known under other names, such as ARC; American Association of the Red Cross (1881 - 1892) and American National Red Cross (1893 - 1978). Overview Clara Barton, born in 1821, had been a schoolteacher, a clerk in the U.S. Patent Office, and had earned the nickname Angel of the Battlefield during the Civil War before she founded the American Red Cross in 1881. Bartons experiences of collecting and distributing supplies to soldiers during the Civil War, as well as working as a nurse on battlefields, made her a champion for the rights of wounded soldiers. After the Civil War, Barton aggressively lobbied for the establishment of an American version of the International Red Cross (which had been founded in Switzerland in 1863) and for the United States to sign the Geneva Convention. She succeeded with both the American Red Cross was founded in 1881 and the U.S. ratified the Geneva Convention in 1882. Clara Barton became the first president of the American Red Cross and led the organization for the next 23 years. Just days after the first local chapter of the American Red Cross was established in Dansville, NY on August 22, 1881, the American Red Cross jumped into its first disaster relief operation when they responded to the devastation caused by major forest fires in Michigan. The American Red Cross continued to aid victims of fires, floods, and hurricanes over the next several years; however, their role grew during the 1889 Johnstown flood when the American Red Cross set up large shelters to temporarily house those dislocated by the disaster. Sheltering and feeding continue to this day to be the largest responsibilities of the Red Cross immediately following a disaster. On June 6, 1900, the American Red Cross was given a congressional charter that mandated the organization to fulfill the provisions of the Geneva Convention, by rendering aid to those wounded during the war, providing communication between family members and members of the U.S. military, and administering relief to those affected by disasters during peacetime. The charter also protects the Red Cross emblem (a red cross on a white background) for use only by the Red Cross. On January 5, 1905, the American Red Cross received a slightly revised congressional charter, under which the organization still operates today. Though the American Red Cross has been given this mandate by Congress, it is not a federally funded organization; it is a non-profit, charitable organization that receives its funding from public donations. Though congressionally chartered, internal struggles threatened to topple the organization in the early 1900s. Clara Bartons sloppy bookkeeping, as well as questions regarding Bartons ability to manage a large, national organization, led to a congressional investigation. Instead of testifying, Barton resigned from the American Red Cross on May 14, 1904. (Clara Barton passed away April 12, 1912, at the age of 91.) In the decade following the congressional charter, the American Red Cross responded to disasters such as the ​1906 San Francisco earthquake and added classes such as first aid, nursing, and water safety. In 1907, the American Red Cross began working to combat consumption (tuberculosis) by selling Christmas Seals to raise money for the National Tuberculosis Association. World War I exponentially expanded the American Red Cross by significantly increasing Red Cross chapters, volunteers, and funds. The American Red Cross sent thousands of nurses overseas, helped organize the home front, established veterans hospitals, delivered care packages, organized ambulances, and even trained dogs to search for wounded. In World War II, the American Red Cross played a similar role but also sent millions of packages of food to POWs, began a blood collection service to aid the wounded, and established clubs such as the famous Rainbow Corner to offer entertainment and food to servicemen. After World War II, the American Red Cross established a civilian blood collection service in 1948, has continued to offer aid to victims of disasters and wars, added classes for CPR, and in 1990 added a Holocaust War Victims Tracing and Information Center. The American Red Cross has continued to be an important organization, offering aid to millions affected by wars and disasters.